Category: Fabrication

Have you ever gazed upon your marble, adorned with its array of exquisite colors—some vivid and striking, while others exude a more refined and graceful allure—and pondered the origins of these beautiful hues? After learning how these colors are formed, you’ll never look at your marble quite the same.

Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms from limestone through the process of metamorphism. (Alteration of rock by heat, pressure, or other natural occurrences). During this transformation, a range of factors influence the coloration of marble, giving rise to the stunning array of colors and patterns that make each marble type unique. The main factors that contribute to the colors of marble are mineral composition, impurities, and geological processes. Let’s explore each of these aspects in detail:

Mineral Composition

Marble is primarily composed of calcite or dolomite minerals, which are both forms of calcium carbonate. (Calcium carbonate is a combination of carbon, oxygen, and calcium and is a common mineral found throughout the world.) The crystal structure of these minerals allows them to interact with light in different ways, influencing the perceived color of the marble. The presence of other minerals and impurities further enhances these color variations.

Impurities

Impurities are foreign substances that find their way into the marble during the metamorphic process. These impurities play a significant role in determining the color and patterns exhibited by the marble. Some common impurities found in marble include:

Iron Oxides

Iron impurities can give marble various shades of red, brown, yellow, and orange. Hematite creates reds and yellows, while limonite produces browns and yellows.

Graphite

The presence of graphite can lend a gray or black color to the marble.

Clay Minerals

Clay minerals introduce earthy tones such as beige, tan, or brown to the marble.

Serpentine

Serpentine impurities create green marble, such as the famous Verde Antique marble.

Sulfides and Organic Materials

These can lead to black or dark veining in the marble.

Geological Processes

The geological history of the region where the marble forms can also influence its color. The presence of specific minerals or the type of rock that undergoes metamorphism alongside the limestone can contribute to the unique colors and patterns. Additionally, the intensity of heat and pressure during metamorphism will impact the recrystallization of minerals and the formation of specific colors.

Local Geography and Environment

Different regions around the world are known for their distinct marble colors and patterns due to variations in the local geology and environment. For example, Carrara marble from Italy is famous for its white color and has been used in many famous sculptures and buildings. The Danby marble from Vermont, USA, is prized for its pure white color and minimal veining.

Age and Degree of Metamorphism

The duration and intensity of the metamorphic process can influence the colors of marble. Marble that undergoes extensive metamorphism over prolonged periods may have a more uniform color, while marble that experiences variable conditions may show a greater variety of colors and patterns.

The mesmerizing colors of marble result from a complex interplay of mineral composition, impurities, geological processes, and the specific environmental conditions where the metamorphism takes place. This diversity in colors is what makes marble such a sought-after and cherished material for various commercial, residential, and artistic applications.

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By Fred Hueston. This article is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PRO Partners.

Not all stone countertops need to be sealed but most will benefit from the added protection —”an ounce of prevention,” so to speak. Here’s an easy test to know if yours needs to be sealed—or re-sealed. It’s called the “Water Test,” and it is so simple:

• Clean the surface of your countertop with a stone-safe cleaner, making sure to remove oils and grease.
• Let the surface dry completely.
• Pick out a few different areas to test. Preferably, areas that get a lot of use or are prone to spills and stains. These areas will be the most likely to have worn-down protection.
• Pour a little bit of water onto your test areas. A few spoonfuls at least.
• Let the water dwell for a bit. Give it 4-5 minutes or so.
• Wipe away the water. After a couple of seconds, look carefully at the area. If there is no evidence that water had been spilled you’re good to go. However, if the water soaked in and left a dark spot (not a stain, as it will eventually dry out) then it’s time to reseal.

Tips About Resealing

• Even if only one area in the test absorbs the water, we recommend a complete re-seal. It’s an all-or-nothing necessity.
• Failure to reseal can lead to damage such as permanent or difficult-to-remove stains on your countertops.
• Having a pro do the job will ensure the proper type of sealer is used and common sealing problems are avoided.
• Re-test every year or so.

Your countertops are not only an investment, they play a significant role in the appearance of your kitchen. The simple act of keeping them properly sealed will go a long way in keeping them looking great for years to come.

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By Sharon Koehler. This is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PRO Partners.

There are many ways to clean natural stone, some are wrong, and some are right, which is why it is always recommended to leave heavy cleaning to an experienced stone care professional.

However, spills and other things can happen that need to be cleaned up right away. An often-asked question is: “Can I have my natural stone steam cleaned?” Steam cleaning is a very effective way to remove soil and contaminants without harsh chemicals. However, on marble, granite, and other natural stone, steam cleaning can be harmful.

These are some of the problems steam cleanings can cause on natural stone

• Spalling – Steam cleaning can cause a condition known as spalling. Since most stone is porous, the high temperature of steam cleaning can cause pressure within the stone, which can lead to pitting and/or flaking of the surface of the stone.
• Sealer Removal – Natural stone sealers inhibit staining. Impregnating sealers penetrate the surface of the stone. Color enhancing impregnating sealers intensify the colors in natural stone. Topical sealers form a strippable or permanent coating that covers the surface of stone. If natural stone is sealed, steam cleaning can remove the sealer leaving the stone unprotected.
• Accelerated Crack Damage – As natural stone is fabricated, transported, and installed, stress on the material can sometimes cause cracks to form. Stone may also be cracked after installation because of accidental damage or environmental stresses. You may not even realize that any cracking has occurred. If natural stone has any cracks, the heat and pressure from a steam cleaner can cause the cracks to expand and open up, making the cracks more obvious and problematic.
• Grout Damage – Grout can also be negatively impacted by continued use of steam cleaning if used regularly. Damage may include discoloration and the grout cracking and falling apart. Steam cleaning may also remove sealers that were applied to the grout.
• Iron Oxidation – If the composition of your natural stone includes iron, steam cleaning poses a risk of discoloration. Moisture reacts with the iron, creating rust-like stains on and in the stone. Iron oxidation discoloration can be extremely difficult or even impossible to remove.

Residential vs Commercial Steam Cleaners

Can I use my store-bought steam cleaner on my natural stone?

Home-type steam cleaners may be safe to sparingly use on natural stone since these steam cleaners do not reach the same high temperatures as commercial steam cleaners. The maximum temperature of residential steam cleaners is about 250 degrees F, whereas commercial steam cleaners can reach temperatures of over 300 degrees F. However, even home-type steam cleaners should not be used on a regular basis.

Types of Steam Cleaners

There are several types of steam cleaners.

• • Vapor steam cleaners look like a canister vacuum. They emit a fog of steam vapor to the surface with a wand. The temperature can reach over 200 degrees F.
• Steam mops inject steam into a cloth mop. Generally, these are safer to use on natural stone than other types of steam cleaners since the temperature is lower. However, again, regular use is not recommended.
• Handheld steam cleaners are simple to use and are good for spot cleanup. Using them on stone countertops or shower walls can result in the same type of damage as larger, higher temperature steam cleaners.

Steam cleaners are excellent at cleaning many, many things but, to be on the safe side, use a pH-neutral, stone-safe cleaner for routine cleaning of your natural stone, and let your stone care professional take care of any heavy cleaning.

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By Fred Hueston. This is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PRO Partners.

The Safety of Chlorine Bleach on Stone Surfaces: Unveiling the Facts

When it comes to cleaning stone surfaces, it is crucial to be well-informed about the products and techniques you use. One common question that arises is whether chlorine bleach is safe to use on stone surfaces. Chlorine bleach is a powerful disinfectant and stain remover, but its compatibility with various materials, including stone, is a subject of concern. Let’s explore the impact of chlorine bleach on stone surfaces, weighing its pros and cons to help you make an informed decision.

Understanding Stone Surfaces

Stone surfaces can vary greatly in their composition, durability, and porosity. Popular types of stone used in households include granite, marble, limestone, Quartzite, Onyx, and slate. These materials have different levels of susceptibility to damage and staining, necessitating different care approaches.

The Effects of Chlorine Bleach

Chlorine bleach, typically a solution of sodium hypochlorite, is known for its ability to remove stains and disinfect various surfaces. (Clorox is the most well-known brand). However, it is important to note that chlorine bleach is a highly reactive substance and can have detrimental effects on certain materials.

• Discoloration: Stone surfaces, particularly those made of natural, unsealed materials, are vulnerable to discoloration when exposed to chlorine bleach. The bleach reacts with the minerals present in the stone, resulting in permanent stains or lightening of the surface color(s).
• Surface Degradation: Chlorine bleach can weaken the structural integrity of certain types of stone. Bleach is an oxidizing agent that can break down organic compounds, and stone surfaces often contain small amounts of organic material. Prolonged or repeated use of bleach can cause the stone to become brittle, leading to cracks, pitting, or erosion over time.
• Sealer Damage: Stone surfaces are commonly sealed to enhance their resistance to staining and damage. Chlorine bleach can degrade the protective sealant, making it less effective or even ineffective altogether. This can leave the stone more susceptible to future stains and damage.

Alternative Cleaning Methods

While chlorine bleach may not be the ideal choice for cleaning stone surfaces, there are alternative methods that are safer and more appropriate:

• pH-Neutral Cleaners: Choose pH-neutral cleaners specifically formulated for stone surfaces. These cleaners are non-acidic and non-alkaline, ensuring they do not react with the stone and cause damage. They are effective in removing dirt, grime, and light stains without compromising the integrity of the stone.
• Gentle Cleaning Techniques: For routine cleaning, use soft microfiber cloths or sponges along with mild soaps or detergents. Avoid abrasive cleaners or scouring pads that can scratch the stone. Regular and gentle cleaning can help maintain the appearance and longevity of stone surfaces.
• Professional Advice: If you encounter stubborn stains or require in-depth cleaning, it is advisable to seek professional help. Professional stone care experts have the knowledge and experience to assess the type of stone and decide the appropriate cleaning methods and products for best results.

While chlorine bleach may be an effective disinfectant and stain remover for some surfaces, it is not recommended for use on stone surfaces. The potential for discoloration, surface degradation, and damage to sealants outweigh any benefits it may provide. Opting for pH-neutral cleaners, employing gentle cleaning techniques, and seeking professional advice when needed are more appropriate ways to care for and maintain the beauty of stone surfaces. By choosing the right cleaning methods, you can ensure the longevity and visual appeal of your stone surfaces without compromising their integrity.

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By Fred Hueston. This article is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PRO Partners.

A fireplace is a beautiful addition to any home. It provides warmth and comfort during frosty winter months and adds a cozy ambiance to any room. When building a fireplace, choosing the right materials is crucial to ensure its durability and safety. One major decision to make is selecting the right stone for the firebox. Let’s explore which stones are suitable for a firebox in a fireplace.

Firstly, it is important to understand the function of the firebox in a fireplace. The firebox is the chamber where the fire is contained, and it needs to be able to withstand high temperatures without cracking or deteriorating. Therefore, the stone used for the firebox should have a high resistance to heat.

One of the most popular stones used for fireboxes is granite. Granite is a natural stone that is highly resistant to heat and does not crack or deteriorate easily. It is also durable and easy to clean, making it a popular choice for fireplaces. However, granite can be expensive, so it may not be the best choice for those on a tight budget.

Another suitable stone for fireboxes is soapstone. Soapstone is a natural stone that is known for its heat resistance and ability to retain heat. This means that it will continue to radiate heat even after the fire has been extinguished. Soapstone is also easy to clean and does not require any special maintenance. However, it can be quite soft, so it may scratch easily.

Marble is another stone that can be used for fireboxes. While not as heat resistant as granite or soapstone, marble is still suitable for fireboxes if it is not exposed to direct flames. Marble is a beautiful natural stone that adds elegance and sophistication to any fireplace. It is also durable and easy to clean. Marble that is very veiny may be more likely to crack when heated.

Limestone is another option for fireboxes. Limestone is a natural stone that is relatively affordable and easy to work with. It is also heat-resistant and durable, making it a desirable choice for fireplaces. However, limestone can be prone to scratching and staining, so it requires regular maintenance.

When choosing a stone for a firebox in a fireplace, it is important to consider its heat resistance, durability, and maintenance requirements. Granite, soapstone, marble, and limestone are all suitable stones for fireboxes, each with their own unique properties and characteristics. Ultimately, the choice will depend on personal preference, budget, and the overall design of the fireplace. Whatever stone you choose, make sure it is installed by a professional to ensure the safety and longevity of your fireplace.

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By Fred Hueston. This article is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PROS Partners.

Natural stone is a popular material used in many applications such as flooring, countertops, and monuments. However, most natural stones are porous and if not protected, can become stained. Stains can make stone look unsightly and can sometimes be challenging to remove. Fortunately, there is an effective way to remove most stains from hard porous surfaces.

Stains on natural stone and other hard porous surfaces can be effectively removed by using a poultice. A poultice is a paste-like mixture that is applied to the surface of the stain to break down the stain and draw it out of the stone. A poultice is made by mixing a dry/powdered material with a liquid cleaning agent to form a thick paste. Common powdered materials used in making poultice include baking soda, talc, chalk, and diatomaceous earth. The cleaning agent is determined by the type of stain.

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Refer to our STAIN MANAGEMENT APP for a list of the types of stains and the chemicals to use to break down the stain, and a how-to video.

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The first step in removing a stain from stone using a poultice is to identify the type of stain. This is important because the type of stain will determine the type of poultice to use. For example, oil-based stains require a different poultice than water-based stains. Once you have identified the type of stain, you can proceed with making the poultice.

To make the poultice, mix the powdered material with the liquid until you get a thick paste. The consistency of the paste should be similar to peanut butter. The amount of powder and liquid to use depends on the size of the stain. For small stains, you will need a small amount of poultice, while larger stains will require more poultice.

Apply the poultice to the stain and cover it with plastic wrap or a plastic bag. This will help to keep the poultice moist and prevent it from drying out. Leave the poultice on the stain for 24 to 48 hours. The longer you leave the poultice on the stain, the more effective it will be at drawing out the stain from the stone.

After 24 to 48 hours, remove the plastic wrap or bag and scrape off the poultice with a plastic spatula. Rinse the area with clean water and dry it with a clean cloth. You may need to repeat the process several times to completely remove the stain from the stone.

• For most organic stains use peroxide as the liquid. But not the peroxide you find at the drug store. You will want to use the same strength of peroxide that you can find at beauty supply stores (sold as developer for hair coloring).
• For ink you will need to use a solvent such as acetone or mineral spirits.
• For rust you can use a commercial iron remover such as Iron Out.

Removing stains from stone using a poultice is an effective and easy way to restore the appearance of stone surfaces. The key to success is identifying the type of stain and using the right poultice. With a little patience and persistence, you can remove even many of the toughest stains. Remember though, a properly sealed surface will be protected from staining, so make sure your stone is properly sealed. Call us if you have any questions.

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By Fred Hueston. This article is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PROS Partners.

When was the first known stone polishing done?

Stone polishing has been done since the beginning of civilization. Egyptian workers used sand and other rough materials to polish the surfaces of statues and monuments made of stone. This is the first time that polishing stone is known to have been done. Ancient Greeks and Romans also used this method. They used a variety of tools and materials to make smooth, shiny surfaces on marble statues and building parts.

When were improvements made to the techniques of stone polishing?

During the Middle Ages, ways to polish stones kept getting better. Buildings made of limestone and sandstone in Europe were polished by skilled workers who used tools they could hold in their hands. They also used grinding wheels powered by water to make stone floors and countertops smooth and even.

When were substantial changes made to the way we polish stone?

During the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, there were substantial changes in how stone was polished. When the steam-powered grinding wheel was invented, it made polishing large surfaces faster and more effective. This made it possible to polish whole floors and building facades in a short amount of time.

How is stone polishing done today?

Today, polishing stone is a very specialized job that uses a wide range of modern tools and methods. Professional stone polishers use tools like electric and pneumatic grinders, polishing pads with diamond tips, and chemical polishing compounds. In short, polishing stone is an old skill that has changed over time into a highly specialized field that uses modern tools and methods. From the time when ancient Egyptians used rough materials to polish the surfaces of stone monuments to the 19th century, when a grinding wheel powered by steam was invented, technology has been a big part of how stone polishing has changed.

The mechanics of polishing stone have not changed much over hundreds of years. Yes, the tools and abrasives might have changed but the processes remain the same.

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By Sharon Koehler. This article is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PROS Partners.

Staining vs Etching on Natural Stone

Sometimes, things may look the same, but in reality, they are 2 completely different things. This can sometimes be the case with staining and etching on natural stone. These 2 things are the most common issues that can damage your natural stone projects.

What is staining?

Natural stone (with the possible exception of soapstone) is considered a porous material. This means that it can absorb moisture and liquid. Any absorbed moisture can cause discoloration in the stone. This discoloration is a stain. Stains normally do not affect the surface of the stone and if you rub your fingers over the affected area, there should be no change to the feel of the surface.

What can cause a stain on stone?

There are a lot of different things that can stain your natural stone. Tea, wine, cooking oil, fruit juice, and cleaning agents are just a few of the things that can cause stains on natural stone surfaces.

What can be done to prevent stains?

• Make sure your stone is sealed with a quality impregnating sealer. A sealer will not prevent staining by itself. What it will do is slow down absorption to give you more time to deal with the spill.
• Always make sure to use a cutting board on kitchen countertops.
• Wipe up any liquid or debris as soon as possible.

What if my stone does stain?

If you do happen to get a stain, there are things you can do.

• Click on the resources tab on our website and then click on the Stain Management App. Enter the kind of stain it is in the stain database and follow the instructions on how to remove the stain.
• If you aren’t comfortable with a DIY approach, please feel free to call us for assistance. Or send us a message on our contact page.

What is etching?

Many times, etching is confused with staining, when in fact they are two different issues. Etching happens when an acidic substance comes in contact with the stone and “eats” away at the surface of the stone. The etch mark will look dull and possibly whitish. Etches change the smooth surface of the stone. If you run your fingers over the affected area, it can feel rough. Etches are also often mistaken for water spots.

What can cause etching on natural stone?

There are many different things that can etch your natural stone. Vinegar, coffee, and soda are just a few of the things that can leave etch marks on your stone.

What can be done to prevent etching?

• Always make sure you use a cutting board on kitchen countertops.
• Don’t spread the spill. Blot it up with a sponge or paper towel. Then rinse and dry the area.
• Don’t use acidic cleaners on your stone projects.

What if my stone does etch?

If you do happen to get etches in your stone, it is best to contact a professional for help. There are removers on the market and a professional fabricator or restoration contractor will know how best to deal with the product and the stone you have.

While staining and etching are two different things, they are not mutually exclusive. It is entirely possible for a stain to appear in an etched area of stone and vice versa. That being said, one of the best reasons to use natural stone for your projects is that it is a renewable and restorable material. If it is damaged, you don’t have to replace it. It can be fixed and restored.

(A tip for someone who has not purchased their stone yet: Think about getting a honed finish instead of a polished finish. A honed finish is a matte finish and not shiny. One of the reasons etch marks are so noticeable is because they create a dull area on a polished finish. If your surface is not shiny, the etch will show much less.)

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By Sharon Koehler. This article is one of a series of articles written and published on behalf of Surface Care PROS Partners.